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- <text id=91TT0867>
- <title>
- Apr. 22, 1991: Have You Heard The One About Augustus?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Apr. 22, 1991 Nancy Reagan:Is She THAT Bad?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- BOOKS, Page 73
- Pssst! Have You Heard the One About Augustus?
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Good biographies take bad behavior for granted
- </p>
- <p>By Paul Gray
- </p>
- <p> As a literary phenomenon, there is less to Nancy Reagan
- than meets the eye. Kitty Kelley is hardly the only
- slash-and-burn chronicler currently at work. Her smartest move
- has been to choose living victims for her killer bios; speaking
- ill of the dead (Albert Goldman on Elvis and John Lennon,
- Arianna Stassinopoulos Huffington on Pablo Picasso) is
- profitable but a tad less sensational. And the instant renown
- achieved by Kelley's Nancy does not really signal the end of
- civilization as we have known it. Good, balanced, substantial
- biographies about controversial figures continue to appear and
- win notice. Last week Jackson Pollock: An American Saga, written
- by two obscure authors, won a Pulitzer Prize.
- </p>
- <p> Still, these are undeniably salad days for people
- interested in reading about scandal in high places. Never mind
- that this has been true for roughly the past 3,000 years. What
- of the adultery between a queen and a prince that launched a
- 10-year war and ruined a nation? The Iliad is the place to bone
- up on that one. Then there was King David of Israel. One day,
- while strolling on his rooftop, he spied a woman bathing and
- summoned her (nudge, wink) to his royal presence. After
- Bathsheba told him she had become pregnant, the King 1) tried
- to trick her husband, a loyal if unimaginative soldier, into
- sleeping with his wife and 2) when that failed, arranged for the
- unwitting cuckold to be placed in optimum jeopardy during a
- battle with the Ammonites. Shocking stuff, told with no holds
- barred in the Old Testament.
- </p>
- <p> For random polymorphous perversity, it would be hard to
- top The Twelve Caesars by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (born
- circa A.D. 69). A classic capital insider, Suetonius served as
- chief secretary to the Emperor Hadrian and wrote a number of
- books that certainly sound like best sellers, most of them,
- unfortunately, now lost. Connoisseurs of the carnal particularly
- lament the disappearance of his Lives of Famous Whores. But The
- Twelve Caesars still packs plenty of punch per sesterce:
- Augustus as an elderly man, relentlessly deflowering virgins,
- some of them procured for him by his wife; Tiberius training
- young boys, whom he dubbed his "minnows," to nibble at him
- lasciviously during his swims.
- </p>
- <p> So there is nothing new about biographies that portray the
- bad or disreputable along with the good. Outrageous conduct
- might incur punishment somewhere down the line, but that was an
- important part of the story. Men could lead mighty armies, forge
- tribes into nations and still behave like swine; women could
- embody all the public virtues and pieties and then drop poison
- into wine goblets or turn into manipulative she-devils in the
- boudoir. Of course. What else is new?
- </p>
- <p> That tolerance, though, dwindled, thanks in large part to
- the spread of Christianity in the West. The notion grew that
- there were admirable lives (hagiographies) to be emulated and
- horrible examples to avoid. The old curiosity remained, to be
- sure; how else to explain the legends about Napoleon's sexual
- capacities and the insatiability of Catherine the Great? But the
- theological abyss between the saved and the damned strained the
- pursuit of objective truth. In the 18th century, Dr. Samuel
- Johnson, a devout Christian and a leading biographer of his age,
- complained, "There are many who think it an act of piety to hide
- the faults or failings of their friends, even when they can no
- longer suffer by their detection; we therefore see whole ranks
- of characters adorned with uniform panegyrick, and not to be
- known from one another but by extrinsick and casual
- circumstances."
- </p>
- <p> Among those paying attention was the young Scotsman James
- Boswell, whose Life of Johnson (1791) remains the greatest
- biography in the English language. Boswell revealed nothing
- particularly scandalous about his subject; it remained for later
- scholars to exhume hints suggesting Dr. Johnson's fondness for
- being tied up and whipped. But the overwhelming intimacy of the
- Life of Johnson--its almost minute-by-minute portrait of a
- volatile genius--sent shock waves throughout the 19th century
- and caused a number of noteworthy people to guard their privacy
- and papers with increased diligence.
- </p>
- <p> What they feared was pretty much exactly what followed:
- the exposing of personal foibles for public inspection. Lord
- Byron became a celebrity because of his poetry and a reprobate
- and rogue thanks to allegations about his sexual relations with
- his half sister. Charles Dickens tried to disguise his
- relationship with the young actress Ellen Ternan, all for
- naught, since suspicions about its true nature flourished then
- and ever since. Lytton Strachey's Eminent Victorians wickedly
- and fastidiously punctured an era of hypocrisy, and the writings
- of Sigmund Freud unleashed the psychological deluge.
- </p>
- <p> That tide is still running and with it the mistaken notion
- that weaknesses not only constitute part of human nature but
- absolutely define it. Suetonius would be amazed at the likes of
- Kelley and at the prospect of biography as target shooting. When
- the Roman noted in passing that Augustus had been accused of
- effeminacy and of softening the hair on his legs by singeing
- them with red-hot walnut shells, the information was presented
- as simply another part of a complex mosaic of personality.
- Nothing to get excited about or to stop the presses for. Nancy
- Reagan should have been so lucky.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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